analgesic test

Hot-plate test in rats

This method, devised by N.B. Eddy and D. Leimbach, is a well-known pain test for assessing the acute heat pain sensitivity in normal rats and has been designed to perform rapid precise screening of narcotic type analgesic drugs (morphine, codeine, …). The latency of licking one of the hindpaws is measured on a hot plate (52 oC, cut-off: 60 s). The increase in the latency is the measure of the antinociceptive effect. The advantage of the test is that there isnt any restrain for the animals during the procedure. When a central analgesic is administered to the animals, this reaction time is markedly increased. Hot-plate is usually used for exploring supraspinal analgesic effects. The organisation of the test is mainly supraspinal.
Yaksh, T.L. and T.A. Rudy, 1977, Studies on the direct spinal action of narcotics in the production of analgesia in the rat, J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 202, 411.

Apparatus : Thermostatically controlled metal plate

see : Analgesic meter - hot plate

 

Carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain test in rats

This is a well-known pain test for assessing the thermal hyperalgesia after carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. The advantage of the test is that there isn’t any restrain for the animals during the procedure. The test is sensitive to opioids. The organisation of the test is mainly spinal, although the response is influenced by supraspinal centers too.
Hargreaves, K., R. Dubner, F. Brown, C. Flores and J. Joris, 1988, A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia, Pain 32, 77.

Apparatus : plexiglass testing chamber with a glass floor

see : Analgesic meter - Plantar(Hargreaves'),

 

Paw-withdrawal test in rats

This is a well-known pain test for assessing the acute heat pain sensitivity in normal rats. The advantage of the test is that there isn’t any restrain for the animals during the procedure. The test is sensitive to opioids. The organisation of the test is mainly spinal, although the response is influenced by supraspinal centers, too.
Yaksh, T.L. and T.A. Rudy, 1976, Chronic catheterization of the spinal subarachnoidspace, Physiol.Behav. 17, 1031.

Apparatus :

see : Analgesic meter -

 

Randall-Selitto Test

This is a well-known pain test for assessing the acute physical pain sensitivity in normal rats.
Randall, L.O & Selitto, T.J.(1965)Arch. J. Pharmacodyn. 111. 409-419.

Apparatus :

see : Analgesic meter - Randall-Selitto.

 

Hot water tail-immersion test in rats

This is a well-known pain test for assessing the acute heat pain sensitivity in normal awake rats. It measures the latency when the rat removes its tail from the hot water bath (51.5 oC, cut off time: 20 s). The background of the test is a short-lasting restrain for the animals during the procedure. This test is very sensitive to opioids. The organisation of the test is mainly spinal although the response is influenced by supraspinal centers, too.
Janssen, P.A.J., C.J.E. Niemegeers and J.C.G. Dony, 1963, The inhibitory effect of fentanyl and other morphine-like analgesics on the warm water induced tail withdrawal reflex in rats, Arzneim Forsch./Drug Res. 13, 502.

Apparatus : Hot water bath with electronically controlled temperature.

see : Water-bath

 

Hot-water tail immersion in mice

Test for analgesic effects, where the latency for a rat to remove its tail from a hot water bath is measured. Morphine and other analgesic compounds are active in this test.
Wong et al., (1996). Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on inhibition of morphine tolerance in rats: binding at mu-opioid receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology 297: 27-33.

Apparatus : Hot water bath with electronically controlled temperature.

see : Water-bath

 

Tail-pinch test

The “tail-pinch test” is preferentially performed on mice. A paper clip is applied to the tail root of the mouse and the latency of the biting response to the clip is measured. The pressure of the paper clip is adjusted so that the biting response of the naive mice is normally about one second. To prevent tissue damage, a cut off time of 6 sec is recommended. (Huong, N. T. T. et al, 1997)
Apparatus : Clamp.

see :

 

Tail-flick test in rats( D'Amour & Smith's method )

Test for analgesic action, where a heat stimulus produced by a light beam is applied to the tail of a rat. The tail-flick latency is recorded as the time onset of stimulation to the withdrawal of the tail from a light beam. Analgetics generally prolongate of tail-flick latency, and this can be used as a simple screening assay for this type of compounds. Heat and cold tail flick times are useful for testing spinal analgesia. Spinal analgesia was tested by the response times to heat or cold tail flick times in a water bath at 50 or -5 °C (Hendry, J. A. et al 2000). An infrared source can also be used focused by a parabolic mirror on the rat tail.
The classical tail flick test has been designed to perform rapid precise screening of analgesic drugs on the rat tail, according to D'Amour & Smith.
D'Amour F E. and Smith D. L. (1941): A method for determining loss of pain sensation. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 72: 74-79.

Apparatus : Analgesia Meter,

see : Analgesic meter - Tail-flick(D'Amour & Smith)

 

Writhing syndrome in mice

Test for analgesic action of a compound. A mouse is injected with a local irritant ( 0.6% acetic acid i.p after administration of the drug ). The first reading (0 min) was taken and the experimenter counts the number of writhing episodes. Analgetics generally decrease the number of episodes, and this test is used as a simple screening assay for this type of compounds.
Turner RA. In screening methods in pharmacology. New York: Academic Press, 1965;1:27-30.

Hendershot L C, and Forsaith J, (1959): Antagonism of the frequency of phenylquinone-induced writing in the mouse a by weak analgesic and non-analgesic. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 125: 237-240.

Apparatus :none

 

Plantar Test ( Hargreaves' Method )

It basically consists of a movable infrared generator which the operator glides below a glass pane upon which the rats are deposited in a 3-compartment Perspex enclosure.

Apparatus : chamber for planter

see : Analgesic - Plantar(Hargreaves')

 

Plantar Von Frey

By using a peripheral neuropathy model (chronic pain) in rats, the mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) and thermal hyperalgesia is performed to evaluate compounds with potential analgesic activity. The analgesic effect of drugs and other types of compounds can be measured with the system.

Apparatus :

see : Von-Frey or Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer

 

Electrical : Pododolorimeter method

Pododolorimeter method of Charlier et a1. Techno aggressometer with partition removed was used to administer the shock ( 1 Hz, 25V, 25msec.).

Charlier R, Prost M, Binon F, Deltour G. Etude pharmacologique d’un antitouesif: le fumarate de phenethyl (propyne-2yc)-4 propionoxy- 4-piperindene. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Therap 1961:134:326-32.

Apparatus : eletric stimulator

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